1. Enormous gap between stated goals and actual achivements
a. Commitment in the Directive Principle’s of the Constitution.
b. Government recently announced Compulsory Primary Education.
2. Defination of literacy is liberal.According Prof.Amartya Sen average year of schooling is 2.4 Yrs.
3. Educational expenditure as a proportion to Gross National Product has increased from 1% to 3%,much below the target of 6% recommended by Educational Commission of Govt. of India in 1996.
4. This is much lower than the international average for the developing countries which stood at 15% during the eighties.
5. Wide disparity rates in literacy between different region and social group.
6. Evolution of Regional Socio-Economic profile emerged in India because of following factors:
a. Extent of British penetration
b. Land Tenurial System.
c. Public Investment.
d. Nature of Social Movement.
7. Special Problems of Hindi Heartland States.
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Bihar.
c.Madhya Pradesh
d.Rajasthan.
8. Factors for the backwardnes
a. First Area of Revolt Against British- Known as Sepoy Mutiny.
b.After the failure of the Mutiny this area was subjected to maximum repression
e.Resulted to resistence to modernisation.
f.Main bastion of communal conflagarations.
In the absence of social movements --two identity dominated
(i)caste (ii) national
9.Kerala-The Literacy Miracle of India.